GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
QUEBEC CITY
HomeUnderground ExcavationsGeotechnical design of deep excavations

Geotechnical Design for Deep Excavations in Quebec City

Evidence-based design. Reliable delivery.

LEARN MORE

Excavating in the heart of Old Quebec versus the newer sectors of Sainte-Foy reveals two completely different engineering worlds, even though they are separated by only a few kilometers. The historic district sits on a promontory of highly jointed shale and sandstone of the Appalachian foothills, while the St. Lawrence lowlands are dominated by deep, sensitive clay deposits left behind by the Champlain Sea. A design that works flawlessly in the silty till of Lebourgneuf can face unexpected basal heave just a few blocks north when it encounters thick marine clay. This sharp geological contrast demands a geotechnical investigation that goes far beyond a generic desktop study. Our team integrates in-situ data, laboratory strength testing, and local construction experience to develop shoring and bracing systems tailored to the specific unit you encounter, whether it is the competent bedrock at Cap Diamant or the compressible clays near the river. When the excavation depth exceeds 6 meters in these sensitive soils, we often recommend coupling the design with inclinometer monitoring to verify that lateral deformations stay within the limits predicted by our finite element models.

In Quebec City's Champlain Sea clays, the difference between a successful excavation and a costly collapse often comes down to correctly identifying the depth of the weathered crust and its influence on passive resistance.

Our service areas

Our approach and scope

A mistake we see repeatedly among contractors unfamiliar with Quebec City's geology is treating the upper crust of weathered clay as a reliable passive resistance zone. In many parts of Limoilou and the lower town, the top two meters of stiff, fissured clay can mask a softer, normally consolidated layer underneath that loses strength dramatically when exposed to construction vibrations and water infiltration. This is a classic setup for a sloughing failure at the toe of a sheet pile wall. To avoid this, our design protocol never relies on a single borehole or a textbook default value. We correlate the undrained shear strength from the field vane test with laboratory triaxial results, and then cross-check the stratigraphy using a cone penetration test to identify thin silt seams that can act as drainage paths and accelerate pore pressure equalization behind the wall. The resulting earth pressure diagram reflects the real stratigraphy, not a simplified approximation, which often allows us to optimize the steel section and reduce the embedment depth without compromising the factor of safety against rotational failure.
Geotechnical Design for Deep Excavations in Quebec City
Technical reference — Quebec City

Site-specific factors

When we mobilize a drilling crew for a deep excavation investigation in the urban core of Quebec City, the rig configuration changes depending on the access constraints and the depth to bedrock. For a tight site in Vieux-Quebec, where the streets were laid out in the 17th century, we often use a compact track-mounted rotary drill that can fit through a 2.5-meter-wide alley and still core into the Appalachian shale. The real challenge begins when the borehole is advanced through the overburden. We use hollow-stem augers with an internal diameter that allows us to push a thin-wall Shelby tube sampler ahead of the bit, retrieving an undisturbed sample of the sensitive marine clay before the auger rotation can remold it. That sample goes straight into a humidity-controlled cooler and arrives at our laboratory within two hours, where the technician extrudes it for consolidated-undrained triaxial testing. If the sample is disturbed during transport or extrusion, the measured undrained shear strength can be 30 to 40 percent lower than the true in-situ value, which translates directly into an overdesigned and overpriced shoring system that the contractor then has to wrestle into a constrained urban lot.

Need a geotechnical assessment?

Reply within 24h.

Email: info@geotechnical-engineering.org

Applicable standards

NBCC 2020 (National Building Code of Canada), CSA A23.3 Design of Concrete Structures, ASTM D7181 Consolidated Drained Triaxial Compression Test for Soils, ASTM D4452 Standard Practice for X-Ray Radiography of Soil Samples, NF EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7 (referenced for limit state design in complex projects)

Reference parameters

ParameterTypical value
Maximum excavation depth analyzedUp to 35 m for building basements
Typical soil units encounteredChamplain Sea clay, glacial till, shale bedrock
Design methodologyLimit equilibrium + FEM (Plaxis 2D)
Support systems designedSoldier piles, secant piles, diaphragm walls, tieback anchors
Groundwater controlDeep wells, vacuum-assisted dewatering, jet grout base plugs
Seismic design referenceNBCC 2020, site class D or E per Table 4.1.8.4.A
Lateral wall movement limit< 0.5% of excavation depth for adjacent heritage structures
Laboratory strength correlationCIUC triaxial on undisturbed Shelby tube samples

Quick answers

What is the typical cost range for a geotechnical investigation and design of a deep excavation in Quebec City?

For a project with a single shoring wall up to 12 meters deep in the urban area, the combined investigation, laboratory testing, and design package typically falls between CA$2,480 and CA$12,350. The final figure depends on the number of boreholes required, the access constraints on the site, and the complexity of the structural analysis needed to protect adjacent infrastructure.

How do you handle the risk of excavation-induced settlement in the sensitive clays of the St. Lawrence lowlands?

We start by characterizing the clay's sensitivity and consolidation state through oedometer tests and field vane shear tests. The shoring system is then modeled in Plaxis 2D with a hardening soil model that captures the undrained excavation response and the long-term consolidation settlements behind the wall. We specify a monitoring plan with precise survey points on all structures within the zone of influence, and we define green, yellow, and red trigger levels tied to specific mitigation actions such as tightening the struts or activating additional tieback load.

What seismic provisions apply to a deep excavation design in Quebec City?

The National Building Code of Canada (NBCC 2020) governs seismic design. For a deep excavation in the Champlain Sea clay, the site is typically classified as Site Class D or E, which amplifies the spectral acceleration values. We apply the equivalent static lateral earth pressure increment from the code, and for critical structures we run a pseudo-static analysis of the shoring wall to confirm that the anchor bond lengths remain behind the failure wedge that develops under seismic loading.

Location and service area

We serve projects in Quebec City and surrounding areas.

View larger map